Applications for Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Process Analytical Technology (EIS-PAT) in Lyophilization Process Development. On-line presentation at Volanthen's 2nd Freeze-Drying Technology Summit February 17th-18th 2021

<div>cite as : </div><div><br></div><div>Smith, G. (2021) Applications for Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Process Analytical Technology (EIS-PAT) in Lyophilization Process Development. On-line presentation at Volanthen's 2nd Freeze-Drying Technology Summit February 17th-18th 2021</div><div><br></div><div>Topics covered by this talk:</div><div><br></div><div>- Electrical impedance and material attributes</div><div>- Non-invasive measurements (in process and for individual vials)</div><div>- Measurement frequency selection for ice fraction and unfrozen fraction</div><div>- Dielectric relaxation of ice : quantification of ice mass and calibration for ice temperature</div><div>- High frequency capacitance – a marker for the in-vial glass transition and other phase changes</div><div><br></div>