Smith, G. (2022) Freeze-drying for the stabilization of drug products: Recent developments in process analytical technologies. Podium presentation at Oxford Global Formulation and Delivery UK. London 5-6 May

<p>  </p> <p><strong>Cite as</strong></p> <p>Smith, G. (2022) Freeze-drying for the stabilization of drug products: Recent developments in process analytical technologies. Podium presentation at Oxford Global Formulation and Delivery UK. London 5-6 May 2022 </p> <p>Topics covered by this talk:</p> <ul> <li>Why freeze-dry?</li> <li>Process analytical technologies for freeze-drying (single vial and batch techniques)</li> <li>Introduction to through-via impedance spectroscopy (TVIS) </li> <li>Case study : Primary drying end point</li> <li>Separation between sublimation (primary drying) and diffusive desorption (secondary drying)</li> <li>The impact of phase states (crystalline vs amorphous) on the end point profile</li> </ul> <p>  </p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Existing, vapour and temperature sensing PATs cannot differentiate between source of water vapour (ice or adsorbed water).TVIS provides identification of true sublimation (primary drying) end point</p>